Evidence-based psychopharmacologic treatments for serious psychiatric disorders in children have grown considerably in the past decade. The evidence-base is comprised of studies that describe both treatments that work, and also the “cost” of using them. There are still major gaps in treatment, however, as well as effectiveness studies that need to advise clinicians further. This Institute updates participants about the latest evidence-based treatments for ADHD, autism, and mood and anxiety disorders. Strategies for treating children and adolescents who don’t respond to accepted treatments are presented.