Workshop participants review treatment options in children and adolescents with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. They also become better informed about more novel interventions for treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia and psychotic mood disorders in which clozapine has not been effective or only partially effective. The session identifies broader applications for the use of clozapine and its management in children and adolescents. Attendees become familiar with medical and psychiatric factors contributing to refractory illness/non-response, and strategies to address non-response, including situations in which clozapine is not adequate or is ineffective.